China in WW2

Russians in the Service of the Japanese Emperor

• By Peter Harmsen
• 27 September, 2016
• 3 Comments

Caucasians in Japanese-looking uniforms like the group in the photo to the left do not belong to the average type of World War Two imagery. In fact, the men in the picture are Russians. The background story is complicated and reflects the way the tumultuous first decades of the 20^th century moved people across continents to lands far removed from their countries of birth.

Following Russia’s 1917 Bolshevik revolution and the ensuing civil war, tens of thousands of followers of the losing side ended up beyond the Russian empire’s eastern borders, mostly in Manchuria in what is now northeast China. Manchuria was a natural choice, since it had been the scene of considerable Sino-Russian economic exchange during the preceding decades.

Anti-Bolshevism and in many cases direct Fascism became important ideologies for these Russian emigres, who often were guided by an ambition to “retake” the Russia that had been lost to communism. Armed bands, frequently equipping themselves with Fascist symbols such as the swastika and the black shirt, emerged among the Russians. This provided the basis of a tenuous alliance with the Japanese empire, which was a growing political factor in Manchuria in the 1920s and early 1930s.

Once the Japanese had set up a puppet regime in Manchuria in 1932, naming it Manchukuo, some Russians ended up directly serving the interests of Japanese imperialism in northeast Asia. Some served in the Manchukuo Army, but the best known example was the Asano Detachment, a unit under the Kwantung Army, the main Japanese military force in northeast China.

Russian and Japanese officers take group photo together. Notice the Russian orthodox priest

Despite its name, alluding to its senior Japanese officer, Asano Takashi, the detachment was made up almost exclusively of Russians, albeit in Japanese uniforms. Its members wanted nothing more than fighting the communists who had usurped their homeland, and they did see action in some of the borders clashes between Japan and the Soviet Union in the late 1930s, but mostly they were unable to do as much as they wanted, and were limited to scattered acts of sabotage across the Soviet border.

The reason was simple: they were at cross-purposes with the Japanese Empire during almost the entire period until 1945. Japan’s military was deeply involved first in China and then in the Pacific, and the last thing it wanted was an additional front opening up against the Soviet Union in the north.

In the end of course, exactly that front opened up, to the detriment of Japan. In August 1945, the Soviet Union launched its massive attack against Japanese forces in north China and Korea, contributing decisively to the eventual defeat of the empire. The Russian units serving in Japanese uniforms made no difference whatsoever. Their leaders were captured by the advancing Soviet forces, and most were executed. It was an abrupt end of a weird chapter in Asian military history.